What case established the objective reasonableness standard for evaluating excessive force claims by law enforcement officers?

The correct answer is the case that established the objective reasonableness standard for evaluating excessive force claims, which is significant for understanding how law enforcement officers' actions are assessed in the context of constitutional rights. In Graham v. Connor, the Supreme Court set forth that the reasonableness of a police officer’s use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the benefit of hindsight. This standard emphasizes the need to consider the circumstances that officers face at the moment the force is used, recognizing the often chaotic and rapidly evolving situations they encounter.

This ruling is critical because it provides a framework for courts to determine if the level of force employed was appropriate given the specific context, particularly under the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. The objective reasonableness standard aims to ensure that officers are held accountable while also acknowledging the difficult decisions they must make under pressure.

The other cases listed address different areas of law and constitutional rights. For example, Miranda v. Arizona relates to the rights of individuals during police interrogations, Terry v. Ohio deals with the legality of stop and frisk procedures, and Baker v. Cummings addresses civil liability for law enforcement actions but does not set a standard for evaluating