What does the "totality of circumstances" refer to in a use of force decision?

The "totality of circumstances" in a use of force decision encompasses all facts and circumstances known to the officer at the time of the incident. This concept serves as a guiding principle for officers when evaluating whether their response to a situation was appropriate under the circumstances they faced. It requires an assessment that considers the context of the encounter, including the behavior of the subject, environmental factors, and the officer's training and experience.

This holistic approach is essential because it allows for a comprehensive view of the situation instead of focusing on isolated aspects. For instance, when determining if the use of force was justified, an officer must take into account not only the immediate threat posed by an individual but also the officer's perception at the moment, prior knowledge of the individual, and any relevant situational dynamics. By relying on the totality of circumstances, decisions are made with a fuller understanding of the intricate nature of dynamic and rapidly unfolding encounters officers may face.

Other options do not align as closely with this concept. For example, specific laws and regulations are important, but they are just one aspect of the broader context. Personal beliefs and biases of the officer can influence decision-making but are not a legitimate basis for justified use of force. Lastly, while witness statements and evidence