Which effect is NOT caused by pepper spray?

Loss of taste is not typically caused by the application of pepper spray. Pepper spray primarily contains capsaicin, which affects the mucous membranes, leading to symptoms such as intense tearing, involuntary closing of the eyes, respiratory stress, and disorientation as the individual experiences irritation and acute discomfort.

The other effects—tearing, respiratory stress, and disorientation—occur due to the chemical's potent irritant properties affecting the eyes, throat, and respiratory system. Tearing is a common response as the eyes attempt to flush out the irritant, while respiratory stress can manifest as difficulty breathing, coughing, or choking sensations due to inflammation and irritation of the airways. Disorientation can result from the overwhelming sensory discomfort and panic that individuals may experience in response to the spray. Therefore, while loss of taste might occur in certain circumstances, it is not an immediate effect associated with the use of pepper spray.