Which example illustrates passive resistance?

Passive resistance is characterized by non-violent, non-compliant behavior that does not involve physical aggression but can hinder an officer's ability to perform their duties. In the given scenario, when the subject refuses to take their hands out of their pockets, it represents a refusal to comply without direct confrontation or physical altercation. This behavior is indicative of passive resistance, as it can create a situation of tension without escalating to physical violence.

In contrast, the other examples involve direct aggression or confrontation. Shouting and arguing with the officer, physically pushing the officer, or lunging at the officer all indicate active resistance through verbal or physical means, which are more confrontational in nature. These actions are not classified as passive resistance, as they demonstrate an intention to directly oppose or challenge the authority of the officer.