Which of the following methods do gang members use to identify themselves?

Gang members commonly use graffiti and tagging as a method to identify themselves and assert their territory. This form of expression serves multiple purposes: it communicates messages to other gang members, marks boundaries, and instills fear in rival gangs. Through graffiti, gangs can showcase their symbols, names, and even the areas they control, which helps in building their identity both within the gang and in the community.

While handbooks and manuals, public speeches, and loyalty oaths might play a role in the internal structure or culture of a gang, they are not as visually or publicly impactful as graffiti. Graffiti is a visible and accessible means of identification that can be recognized by anyone in the area, not just those within the gang's ranks. This method of identification also helps to create a sense of belonging among gang members and reinforces the gang's presence in a given location.